Though there was growth in the number of hospitals in the early 19th century, conditions for patients were generally poor. Wards were often cramped and rarely cleaned, so infection spread rapidly.

At the beginning of the 19th century, though there had been some advances in medical knowledge, scientists still did not understand what caused disease. However, the production of better quality ...

Photo provided by Artcraft Studio Sumner School football team, circa 1903. (Editor’s note: Because this piece is a snapshot of newspaper clippings ranging back sometimes 150 years or more, the ...

So begins an essay by Voltaire Cousteau, an obscure French writer who may have penned “How to Swim with Sharks: A Primer” in the early 19th century, possibly for sponge divers. We say “may ...

For those physicians that did try the operation, outcomes were generally not promising—until the end of the nineteenth century a patient under-going a caesarean section faced almost certain death.