Types of polarization include ideological (distance between policy positions), affective (difference between ingroup and outgroup-like, often measured as warmth on a "feeling thermometer"), moral ...

You distrust, dislike or even fear them. This “affective polarization,” as social scientists call it, has been on the rise in the United States since the 1980s, and it’s notoriously ...

The surveys measured various notions of ideological polarization (essentially measures of individual positions on specific issues) and affective polarization (measures of negative sentiment toward the ...

Iyengar et al. show that much of political polarization today is driven by “affective polarization”: emotional reactions to opposing political groups, more than differences in policy positions.