THE capacity of an enzyme preparation to activate amino-acids is usually measured by means of the amino-acid dependent isotope exchange reaction between pyrophosphate labelled with phosphorus-32 ...

Once amino acids are attached through an ester bond to a 5'- or 3'-hydroxyl of an RNA, they are sufficiently activated to spontaneously form peptide bonds. Thus, the challenge undertaken by Lee et al.

A research team at KAIST has identified the core gene expression networks regulated by key proteins that fundamentally drive phenomena such as cancer development, metastasis, tissue differentiation ...