Up to eight electrons may exist in the atom's second shell. An electron may "drop" from an outer shell if an inner shell is not full. This results in the release of energy in the form of a photon. Rea ...

This means that their resulting interaction with matter (i.e. groupings of atoms) is significantly more complicated, often resulting in the photonic energy getting absorbed by an atom, boosting ...

So, when an atom in a crystal lattice array is prepared in the excited state, it relaxes back to the ground state after some ...

In this study, scientists demonstrated that X-rays can be utilized to determine the elemental and chemical state of a single ...

When atoms collide, their exact structure—for example, the number of electrons they have or even the quantum spin of their nuclei—has a lot to say about how they bounce off each other.