Bacterial Space Biofilms (1st flight): Launched on November, 2019 (NG-12). Returned to Earth on January 2020 (SpaceX-19) Fungal Space Biofilms (2nd flight): Launched on February, 2022 (NG-17).

Biofilms are clusters of microorganisms that ... Industrial pipelines, nuclear power stations, space stations, air conditioning systems, water distribution systems and one of the fastest ...

Water is indispensable for all living organisms and dominates the extracellular space in biofilms. Due to osmotic effects, the extracellular matrix can soak up water from the environment and help ...

Bacteria permeate virtually every corner of the Earth. Most bacteria live in a biofilm state to enhance their survival and propagation, and to perform essential tasks for many ecosystems.

Bacteria detect when nearby cells are dying and proactively form a protective biofilm. Understanding how bacteria communicate and respond to threats is crucial for combating infections.