The standard treatment for cervical dystonia is periodic injections of botulinum toxin to the affected muscles, an approach which appears to be more efficacious than anticholinergic oral medications.

Robert F. Kennedy Jr. has spasmodic dysphonia, a voice disorder caused by a malfunction in the brain. Here’s what to know.

Cervical dystonia, also known as spasmodic torticollis, is a rare neurological disorder characterized by involuntary muscle contractions in the neck that cause abnormal movements and postures of ...

Immunogenicity associated with botulinum toxin treatment. Toxins (Basel). 2019;11(9):491. Chiu SY, Burns MR, Malaty IA. An update on botulinum toxin in Neurology. Neurol Clin. 2021;39(1):209-229.