When atoms are put together to form a three-dimensional substance, the properties of the substance are governed by how quantum clouds of electrons, the orbitals, move around and interact with each ...

Consequently, potassium and calcium have the following electon configurations. Writing out all the orbitals can be a bit laborious and so a frequent shorthand way is to write the electron ...

The motion of the selenium atoms (red) changes the energy of the electron orbitals of the iron atoms (blue), and the resulting electron vibrations are recorded separately with a technique called ...