To date, there have been no randomized trials studying the use of different antiplatelet therapies or anticoagulation against antiplatelet therapy in known cases of extracranial vertebral artery ...

The left vertebral artery was well filled and appeared normal throughout its course. In summary, all 4 extracranial vessels appeared to have a reduced flow because of either intrinsic obstruction ...

Patients with vertebrobasilar stenosis are currently being enrolled in two other randomized studies; the Vertebral Artery Stenting Trial (VAST), 8 for stenting of intracranial or extracranial ...

Stroke was surprisingly common in our review, particularly in extracranial VAD. TIA, by contrast, was surprisingly uncommon (although, like completed stroke, more common with extracranial VAD).