The life cycle involves several larval stages, starting with the coracidium, which hatches from the egg and infects copepods. Infected copepods are then consumed by fish, where the tapeworm ...

Many migrate between rivers and the ocean during different life stages, a behavior ... ecosystems and the evolution of fish ...

“Any stressor will likely have more of an impact on early life stages than later ... you cannot complete your life cycle,” Sponaugle says. Life for larval fish was a crapshoot even before ...