The inner shell electrons, called core electrons, are used for self-stabilization and do not interact with other atoms. On the other hand, the outer electrons, or valence electrons, define most of ...

The presence of two types of hair cells, the inner and outer hair cells, in the organ of Corti was appreciated nearly a 100 years ago but the function of the two has only become clear in the last 20 ...

The p-type silicon is produced by adding atoms—such as boron or gallium—that have one less electron in their outer ... of electrons, and in the p-type layer, there is an excess of positively charged ...