Think of a metal with paint on it, like an automobile or a pipeline carrying natural gas. The paint or polymer coating ...

In this reaction, carbon is oxidised because it gains oxygen. At the same time, copper oxide is reduced because oxygen is removed from it.

A major drawback is the cost of production, dominated by the quantity of an expensive platinum catalyst required for the oxygen reduction reaction. Recent research indicates promising replacement ...

"Most research has only focused on one part of the reaction, the oxygen reduction part ... "Although this catalyst is metal-based, CSI will integrate a highly porous 3D carbon support to enhance ...