Multiple disease processes can affect the complex mitral valve apparatus. Known causes of primary and secondary mitral regurgitation are listed below. Primary mitral regurgitation results from ...

Functional mitral valve regurgitation occurs when the left atrium or left ventricle dilates, causing the mitral valve annulus to also dilate and prevent the mitral valve leaflets from properly ...

Mitral Valve Regurgitation: The valve doesn’t close completely, allowing blood to leak backward into the atrium. Mitral Valve Stenosis: The valve becomes too narrow, restricting proper blood flow.

All of them underwent the same clinical evaluation: standard 12 ECG, exercise test to exhaustion on a treadmill or a cycle ... also included evaluation of all additional anatomical or haemodynamic ...