Orthopnea can be defined as dyspnea that develops in the recumbent position and is relieved by elevation of the head with pillows. In the recumbent position, there is reduced pooling of fluid in ...

PND, as well as simple orthopnea, may be relieved by sitting upright at the side of the bed with legs dangling, as symptoms typically occur when the person is recumbent, or lying down.

Self-reported clinical variables, such as orthopnea, are subjected to bias. In addition, this study cannot account for the possible influence of noncardiac causes of orthopnea. The history of ...