Activation of caspase 3 and PARP cleavage, by western blot and immunohistochemistry, and DNA fragmentation, by gel electrophoresis and TUNEL, are frequently used as apoptosis assays in vivo.

The PARP protein family comprises 17 members, but PARP1 and PARP2 are the main proteins involved in DNA repair. Both proteins regulate the DDR network, but PARP1 also regulates transcription and ...