By the middle of the third century the Palmyrene empire was already enjoying a certain independence—albeit as a client state within the Roman Empire. Zenobia sought to change that. Over the ...

Some say that it was owned by Zenobia, who reigned as the Queen of Palmyra and the Palmyrene Empire, acting as the regent for her infant son, Vaballathus. As the folk lore has it, Queen Zenobia ...