Protein synthesis is vital for life, translating genetic information from DNA to functional proteins through transcription ...

One is that the DNA template somehow becomes defective during replication, and causes the polymerase to pause (Figures 3 and 4a). For example, a DNA base can be chemically modified or ...

which in turn bind to regulatory sites in the DNA that effectively block RNA polymerase binding (Figure 3). The control of gene expression in eukaryotes is more complex than that in prokaryotes.