"To the touch, a spalled brick will feel brittle and crumbly," Domanowski says. "Spalling occurs when the masonry structure has absorbed a significant amount of moisture, usually because the brick ...

New England Dry Concrete LLC removed all deteriorated and weakened spalled concrete along with any loose and foreign material. The surface was chipped by mechanical means to expose a minimum of 1/ ...

Researchers from the US Department of Energy's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) have developed a III-V solar cell based on a substrate made of spalled germanium (Ge). They used spalled ...