Beta-blockade should be continued indefinitely. [154] Variceal band ligation has replaced sclerotherapy, as it is better tolerated with fewer side effects and is more efficacious in the secondary ...

Although endoscopic variceal band ligation is the undisputed gold standard therapy for bleeding esophageal varices, this approach has been less successful for the treatment of bleeding gastric ...

EVL is highly effective in obliterating varices. An elastic band is used to strangulate the superficial varix, resulting in thrombosis, inflammation, necrosis, and sloughing of the mucosa and ...

Carvedilol is a nonselective β-blocker that has weak vasodilating properties owing to alpha-1 blockade, and has never been tested for the primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding. In hemodynamic ...