This important study explores the conserved role of IgM in both systemic and mucosal antiviral immunity in teleosts, challenging established views on the differential roles of IgT and IgM. The ...

The bacterial host response is the process by which the host interacts with, and responds to, bacteria that colonize or infect it. This includes defense mechanisms such as the immune response.

All chemicals were used as received without further purification. HAuCl 4 (100 mM, 10 µl) was vigorously stirred with lysozyme/ovalbumin (10 mM, 20 µl) in deionized water (0.96 ml) for 5 min ...

The epigenetic changes induced by the translocated gut bacteria generate "trained" immune cells primed to respond more efficiently to future infections. However, this same ability to amplify the ...