These hardwood species tend not to persist in the forest canopy for long periods of time, but re-invade after fire, windthrow, or snow damage. Beneath the deep shade of the boreal conifers, the forest ...

Instead, progress was measured by the amount of tree cover or forest area. Using a newly created index – the Forest Specialist Index – we were able to look ‘below the canopy’ and found that forest ...

a technique which involves the intentional cultivation of plants beneath the forest canopy (as opposed to foraging for wild species in an existing forest). These methods can avoid many of the ...